"Using the characteristics of semiconductors, each tube works differently. 1. for example: S refers to the source (Source), D refers to the drain (Drain), and G refers to the gate (Gate). the working principle of a transistor is actually It is very simple to use two states to represent binary "0" and "1". 2. Semiconductor refers to materials whose electrical conductivity is between conductors and insulators at room temperature. 3. Insulators are also called dielectrics."

Transistor is a solid-state semiconductor device (including diodes, triodes, field-effect transistors, thyristors, etc., sometimes referred to as bipolar devices), with functions such as detection, rectification, amplification, switching, voltage regulation, and signal modulation.. the transistor acts as a variable current switch that can control the output current based on the input voltage. Different from ordinary mechanical switches (such as relays and switches), transistors use electrical signals to control their own opening and closing, so the switching speed can be very fast, and the switching speed in the laboratory can reach more than 100GHz.
in 2016, a team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory broke the physical limit and reduced the existing most sophisticated transistor process from 14nm to 1nm, completing a major breakthrough in computing technology.